Thursday, June 11, 2020
The Importance of Context in Verb Tenses
In our last post, we looked at verb tenses and noted that there is no restriction on how manyà tenses we can use and mix within a sentence, as long asà they are appropriate for the context of the sentence. The problem is that sometimes the context can be aà bit complicated to crack. We mayà think that a tense shift is required when it is actually not. Letââ¬â¢s take a look at an official GMAT question to better understand this concept: A recent study has found that within the past few years, many doctors had elected early retirement rather than face the threats of lawsuits and the rising costs of malpractice insurance. (A) had elected early retirement rather than face (B) had elected early retirement instead of facing (C) have elected retiring early instead of facing (D) have elected to retire early rather than facing (E) have elected to retire early rather than face So the first decision point is have vs. had. What is correct here? We know that we use past perfect tense when there are two actions in the past. So do we have two actions in the past here ââ¬Å"findingâ⬠and ââ¬Å"electingâ⬠of which, it may seem, ââ¬Å"electingâ⬠would have happened before ââ¬Å"finding?â⬠Sure, we have two actions but here is the catch we use past perfect only when the previous action takes place completely before the recent past action. Here, we know that ââ¬Å"within the past few yearsâ⬠implies the recent years. The study shows that most probably, doctors are still electing early retirement. So the use of past perfect is incorrect here. In this context, we will use present perfect only. The other error that helps us to arrive at the right answer is lack of parallelism. ââ¬Å"retireâ⬠and ââ¬Å"faceâ⬠need to be parallel while rising should not be parallel to them because it is a sub-list under ââ¬Å"faceâ⬠. They elected to retire â⬠¦ rather than face A and B. A the threats B the rising costs ââ¬Å"[R]isingâ⬠is a present participle that is modifying the noun ââ¬Å"costsâ⬠in the non underlined part. So our verbs ââ¬Å"retireâ⬠and ââ¬Å"faceâ⬠should not be in the -ing form. Answer choice E satisfies all these criteria and hence is the right answer. Note that the correct answer uses present perfect for both verbs since the context requires us to. Letââ¬â¢s look at a rewrite of this question: A recent article in The Economic Times reported that many recent MBA graduates had decided on taking a job rather than face the uncertainty of entrepreneurship. (A) had decided on taking a job rather than face (B) had decided on taking a job instead of facing (C) have decided to take a job instead of facing (D) had decided to take a job rather than facing (E) have decided to take a job rather than face How does the solution change now? Again we have two verbs ââ¬Å"reportâ⬠and ââ¬Å"decideâ⬠. The reporting has already happened so the simple past ââ¬Å"reportedâ⬠has been used in the non-underlined part. Which tense will we use with ââ¬Å"decideâ⬠? Again, the concept is still the same. We are talking about recent MBA graduates and it shows a trend. It is something that is not completely over, hence the use of past perfect is not justified. We should use the present perfect tense only though it may seem a bit counterintuitive since ââ¬Å"reportâ⬠is in the past tense. ââ¬Å"takeâ⬠and ââ¬Å"faceâ⬠should be parallel to each other so out of (C) and (E), (E) fits. This is the reason making sweeping statements in grammar is dangerous a lot depends on the context. Getting ready to take the GMAT? Check out one of our manyà free GMAT resourcesà to get a jump start on your GMAT prep. And as always, be sure to follow us onà Facebook,à YouTube,à Google+, andà Twitterà for more helpful tips like this one! Karishma, a Computer Engineer with a keen interest in alternative Mathematical approaches, has mentored students in the continents of Asia, Europe and North America. She teaches theà GMATà for Veritas Prep and regularly participates in content development projects such asà this blog!
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